AI Lattice / Power
Is there enough power for AI?
AI companies now buy computing by the gigawatt. This page follows the power: who has claimed it, where it comes from, and whether it can be switched on in time. The record is kept apart from our reading of it.
Data as of 2026-11-02. Power in gigawatts (GW); one gigawatt runs roughly 750,000 homes. 29 named AI sites, 12 chip and cloud deals sized in gigawatts, and 44 power deals tied to AI buyers or offered to them, each with a source.
Key findings, as of 2026-11-02
Power is the main brake on US AI through 2028, and developers financed on on-time delivery are most exposed: in Morgan Stanley's scenario, about 97 GW of new data-center demand arrives from 2026 to 2028 and about 32 GW of it has no power even after gas and fuel cells built on site. Evidence
Many announced gigawatts are paper: Texas has 474 GW of grid requests, more than five times its record peak, and Bernstein is reported to judge only about 35% of the announced pipeline credible. Evidence
Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, 2026-08-24 AI Weekly (summarising Financial Times), 2026-10-18
OpenAI and Anthropic have announced chip and cloud deals sized at about 37 GW, but only about 9.2 GW of it is firm; the rest is up-to amounts, options, term sheets or press reports. Evidence
Our sums from the sourced rows below; excludes Nvidia's 10 GW letter of intent. The Decoder, 2026-04-30 Dealroom (summarising The Information), 2026-09-06
Only a handful of AI sites run near a gigawatt today: Amazon's Project Rainier for Anthropic (about 1.0 GW), xAI's Colossus 2 (about 0.95 GW) and OpenAI's Abilene (about 0.8 GW), by Epoch AI's estimates of installed computing capacity. OpenAI's biggest planned site, PORTS-Pike in Ohio, is 4.25 GW from 2028. Evidence
Epoch AI, 2026-10-19 Epoch AI, 2026-07-30 Epoch AI, 2026-10-28 NVIDIA (investor relations), 2026-08-17
Buyers are building power beside their campuses: Meta's Hyperion has 2.25 GW of new gas plants approved and about 5.25 GW more awaiting approval, and Oracle chose up to 2.45 GW of fuel cells for New Mexico, while developers planned only 6.3 GW of new gas for the US grid in 2026. Evidence
The Lens, 2026-04-03 Oracle, 2026-04-27 U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2026-02-20
Turbine makers set the pace: GE Vernova is scaling toward about 20 GW of gas turbines a year and Siemens Energy about 15 GW, and GE Vernova had only about 10 GW of open slots left for 2029 to 2030 as of early 2026. Evidence
New reactors are a 2030s answer; before then, nuclear for AI comes mostly from plants already running plus upgrades and restarts in the hundreds of megawatts, such as Constellation's 890 MW of upgrades for Google from 2028. Evidence
World Nuclear News, 2026-02-27 POWER Magazine, 2026-10-06 POWER Magazine, 2026-03-12
Estimates put the up-front cost of a gigawatt of AI computing at about $35 billion to $60 billion today, and Nvidia says $80 billion to $100 billion soon; at those prices OpenAI's 30 GW plan for 2030 represents roughly $1 trillion to $3 trillion of infrastructure, much of it paid for by its cloud suppliers. Evidence
Our illustrative arithmetic. Investing.com, 2025-11-01 El Financiero, 2026-06-01 Android Headlines, 2026-04-22
Short answers to common questions: AI power questions. The money behind the same build-out: Does the AI money add up?
Our answer
Power is the main brake on US AI through 2028. Much of the build-out will be late; developers whose financing depends on on-time delivery are most exposed, while well-funded buyers with secured power or flexible grid connections have more options.
In Morgan Stanley's scenario, about 97 GW of new US data-center demand arrives from 2026 to 2028 and about 32 GW of it has no power even after gas and fuel cells built on site. Many headline gigawatts are paper: Texas alone has 474 GW of grid requests, more than five times its record peak, and Bernstein is reported to judge only about a third of the announced pipeline credible.
Buyers are working around the grid. Power built beside the campus for one customer, mostly gas and fuel cells, is now an important part of the answer, alongside existing nuclear plants, reactor upgrades and restarts. New reactors are a 2030s story. Supply is not a fixed ceiling: rule changes and new financing are adding to it.
Delay is not harmless. Revenue slips while construction payments, deposits and interest keep running, and some contracts let customers walk away: Oracle has filed a force majeure notice in New Mexico, and Nscale had no binding financing for its Anthropic contracts when it filed to go public. The scarce asset is a powered site; the strongest hands are well-funded buyers with secured power or flexible grid connections, and the makers of turbines, transformers and on-site generation.
This section is exmxc's judgment. The record it rests on follows, with sources, and each section keeps the record and our read apart.
32 GW
US data-center demand with no power by 2028 after on-site gas, in Morgan Stanley's scenario
Range 15 to 42 GW Zhitong Finance via Webull, 2026-10-05
37 GW
Chip and cloud deals OpenAI and Anthropic have announced, sized in gigawatts
Our sum; about 9.2 GW of it firm. Excludes Nvidia's 10 GW letter of intent The Decoder, 2026-04-30 Dealroom (summarising The Information), 2026-09-06
5.6 GW
Estimated computing capacity running today at the 29 selected AI sites tracked here
Our sum of Epoch AI estimates; not a national total Epoch AI, 2026-11-01
6.3 GW
New gas power planned for the US grid in 2026, of 86 GW in all
Most of the rest is solar and batteries U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2026-02-20
6.8 GW
Short of the reliability target in the biggest US grid's latest capacity auction, cleared at the price cap
PJM, for 2028 to 2029 PJM Inside Lines, 2026-07-14
$35B to $60B
Estimated up-front cost of one gigawatt of AI computing today
Nvidia says it is heading to $80B to $100B Investing.com, 2025-11-01 El Financiero, 2026-06-01
Who has claimed the power
How many gigawatts have AI companies claimed, and how much is running?
What the record shows
RunningBeing builtAnnouncedOption or up to
Selected physical sites only, where the computing load is disclosed. Chip and cloud deals sized in gigawatts are listed separately and not added here. Up-to amounts shown at their maximum.
- OpenAI says it has secured 10 GW of US computing capacity, much of it not yet built (April 2026), with 3 GW contracted in the previous 90 days, and plans for 30 GW by 2030. Its figure for capacity in use was about 1.9 GW at the end of 2025. Its largest new site, PORTS-Pike in Ohio, is 4.25 GW from 2028. The Decoder, 2026-04-30 Android Headlines, 2026-04-22 Yahoo Finance, 2026-03-11 NVIDIA (investor relations), 2026-08-17
- Anthropic has agreements covering at least 14.8 GW of potential capacity since October 2025, by The Information's count, and reportedly told investors it plans about 5 GW available by the end of 2026. Dealroom (summarising The Information), 2026-09-06 Newsquawk, 2026-09-18
- The largest AI sites running today, by Epoch AI's estimates of installed computing capacity: Amazon's Project Rainier for Anthropic (about 1.0 GW), xAI's Colossus 2 (about 0.95 GW), OpenAI's Abilene (about 0.8 GW; Oracle confirmed about 0.62 GW in September) and Microsoft's Fairwater Atlanta (about 0.6 GW). Epoch AI, 2026-10-19 Epoch AI, 2026-07-30 Epoch AI, 2026-10-28 Epoch AI, 2026-07-17
- Amazon added about 3.8 GW of power worldwide in the year to October 2025 and more than 1.2 GW in the last quarter of 2025, and says it is on track to double its power capacity again by 2027; Microsoft brought about 1 GW online in each of the two quarters to March 2026; Oracle added about 0.4 GW in a quarter and says it has secured 10 GW of power for the next three years. DatacenterDynamics, 2026-02 DatacenterDynamics, 2026-04 DatacenterDynamics, 2026-03
- CoreWeave had 1.5 GW active at June 30, 2026 and 3.7 GW contracted, rising to 4.2 GW contracted by August. MarketBeat, 2026-08-11
Our read
The claims run ahead of the concrete. Chip and cloud deals announced by just two labs come to about 37 GW, and only about 9.2 GW of it is firm. The deals are not a measure of physical capacity: chip deals and cloud deals overlap, since the clouds run the same chips, and they reach into the 2030s.
The same concentration as the money: two labs with outside funding have announced most of the new gigawatt deals, while the cloud companies add capacity a gigawatt or less a quarter each. A gigawatt promised in a chip deal is a forecast; a gigawatt energized at a site is a fact.
Where the power comes from
Grid, gas, nuclear or solar: what is actually powering AI?
What the record shows
RunningBeing builtAnnouncedOption or up to
A deal inventory, not a supply total: it mixes new and existing output, options and frameworks, and some deals may overlap. Most AI sites also draw on the ordinary grid, which is not itemized here.
- Cleanview counts 46 US data-center projects planning 56 GW of their own on-site power, about 30% of the planned capacity it tracks. Power Engineering, 2026-04-16
- Meta's Hyperion campus in Louisiana has three new Entergy gas plants approved (2.25 GW, due 2029) and seven more, about 5.25 GW, awaiting state approval. Industrial Info Resources, 2025-08 The Lens, 2026-04-03
- xAI must remove 69 temporary gas turbines beside Colossus 2 by July 2027 and is building a permanent 1.2 GW plant. Chevron plans up to 2.67 GW of gas for Microsoft's 2 GW Pecos campus, first power targeted 2028, with its final investment decision expected later in 2026. In New Mexico, Oracle replaced planned gas turbines with up to 2.45 GW of fuel cells. Gizmodo, 2026-08-01 World Oil, 2026-06-22 Oracle, 2026-04-27
- Developers' plans as of February: of 86 GW of new power for the US grid in 2026, 6.3 GW is gas; 43 GW is solar, 24 GW batteries and 12 GW wind. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2026-02-20
- Most nuclear power reaching AI buyers before 2030 comes from reactors already running (Talen and Amazon, Vistra and Meta, Constellation and Meta, and 2.7 GW from Constellation for Google). New output arrives sooner through upgrades and restarts: Constellation's 890 MW of upgrades for Google from 2028, the Crane restart for Microsoft targeted for 2027 and Duane Arnold for Google about 2029. The government targets 5 GW of upgrades and restarts by 2029. Power Technology, 2025-06-12 World Nuclear News, 2026-02-27 Constellation Energy, 2025-06-03 POWER Magazine, 2026-10-06 World Nuclear News, 2026-06-08 U.S. Department of Energy, 2026-09-08 POWER Magazine, 2026-03-12
- New reactors for AI buyers are scheduled from 2030 at the earliest, such as Kairos's first 50 MW unit for Google and Oklo's first phase for Meta. Palisades missed its February 2026 restart date and had no firm new date in July. T&D World, 2025-08-20 American Nuclear Society (Nuclear Newswire), 2026-01-12 American Nuclear Society (Nuclear Newswire), 2026-07-08
Our read
Power the buyer builds beside the campus, mostly gas and fuel cells, has become an important way around grid delays. That moves the risk from the grid to the buyer: permits, equipment slots and fuel contracts now sit on AI companies' own books.
New reactors are a 2030s story; upgrades and restarts add real power sooner, but in hundreds of megawatts, not tens of gigawatts. Contracts for existing nuclear output secure supply for one buyer without adding to the grid. Solar and batteries are being built in volume but cannot run a campus around the clock on their own.
The gap
Can the power arrive in time?
What the record shows
Served = sites already being built, spare grid capacity and gas or fuel cells built on site. Before on-site power the gap is about 57 GW.
- Morgan Stanley's scenario (September 2026): about 97 GW of new US data-center demand from 2026 to 2028; about 65 GW can be served; about 32 GW short after on-site power, rising to about 68 GW by 2029. Zhitong Finance via Webull, 2026-10-05 NewKerala / ANI, 2026-10-17
- Satellite tracking by SynMax expects 14 to 16 GW of new US capacity to start running in 2026, against a 21 GW consensus. In a separate, worldwide sample of large projects, Sightline found about 5 GW under construction in March out of at least 16 GW scheduled for 2026. SynMax Vulcan, 2026-07-24 Sightline Climate (press release via Utility Dive), 2026-03-05
- Bernstein, as reported by the Financial Times, judges only about 35% of the announced pipeline credible; we could not check the underlying note. AI Weekly (summarising Financial Times), 2026-10-18
- Nscale had no binding financing for its Anthropic contracts when it filed to go public in September 2026. The Stack, 2026-09
- Texas has about 474 GW of large-load requests, about 90% data centers. The governor ordered an audit in August 2026; regulators let projects keep moving through modified procedures from August 20. Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, 2026-08-24 Troutman Pepper Locke, 2026-08-12
- Named projects are slipping for power: a restarted transmission review could push the Port Washington campus to full power about April 2029; Oracle filed a force majeure notice on its New Mexico campus over securing power. In November 2025 Microsoft said it had AI chips in inventory it could not plug in. TechRadar, 2026-10-04 Propmodo, 2026-09-27 DatacenterDynamics, 2025-11
- Reported time to get power: about four years on average in the US and about seven years for 100 MW in Northern Virginia. Electrical Contractor (EC&M) Magazine, 2026-08-17
Our read
The queues overstate the problem; they count the same projects many times. But even on Morgan Stanley's scenario after on-site power, roughly a third of the demand due by 2028 lacks power, enough to push a meaningful share of planned AI computing into 2029 and 2030.
Delay is the most likely outcome, but it is not harmless. Revenue slips while payments and interest keep running, and contracts with walk-away rights turn delay into cancellation. Developers financed against on-time delivery are the most exposed; well-funded buyers with secured power or flexible connections have more ways through. Companies that already hold energized sites gain pricing power over those that hold only contracts.
What limits new power
Why can't the US just build more?
What the record shows
- GE Vernova has about 122 GW of gas turbines under contract or reserved and about 10 GW of open slots left for 2029 to 2030 as of early 2026; data centers are about 20% of its demand. Utility Dive, 2026-10-29 Power Engineering, 2026-04-23
- Siemens Energy's backlog is about 69 GW with lead times of three years or more; Mitsubishi's is about 35 GW, with new orders delivering 2028 to 2030. GE Vernova is scaling toward about 20 GW of output a year in 2026 and 24 GW by 2028; Siemens Energy expects 15 to 16 GW of deliveries. These are global figures. Utility Dive, 2026-08-10 Utility Dive, 2026-08-13 Power Engineering, 2026-04-23
- Large power transformers can take up to about four years to arrive. pv magazine USA, 2026-05-11
- PJM, the largest US grid, cleared its 2028 to 2029 capacity auction 6.8 GW short of its reliability target, at the price cap, with only about 0.5 GW of new generation and upgrades clearing. A reserve shortfall is not the same as that many customers losing power. PJM Inside Lines, 2026-07-14
Our read
Turbines, transformers and grid connections are the chokepoints, and each is booked for years. Through 2028 the equipment makers set the pace of AI in the US as much as the chip makers do.
The bottleneck shifts profit toward whoever controls the scarce slot: turbine and transformer makers, owners of on-site generation, and utilities with signed large-load contracts.
Who pays for the power
Are AI data centers raising electricity bills?
What the record shows
- PJM's 2028 to 2029 auction cleared at a value of $16.4 billion, which PJM notes is not the same as what customers pay; its independent market monitor estimates data centers account for about $6.3 billion of it. PJM Inside Lines, 2026-07-14 Industrial Info Resources, 2026-07-17
- The government forecasts US household electricity prices up about 5% in 2026 and PJM wholesale prices up about 41%, with weather and fuel prices also to blame. US Energy Information Administration, 2026-10-06
- Fifteen states have passed laws to shield household bills from data-center costs and 25 have special rates for large users; New York launched the first statewide moratorium on new hyperscale data centers in July 2026, a pause of up to a year on certain environmental permits. MUFG Americas, 2026-10-02 New York State Governor's Office, 2026-07-14
Our read
Politics is becoming the next chokepoint. Every rise in household bills that is blamed on data centers makes the next permit, tariff or moratorium harder to win.
The direction is clear: AI companies will be made to pay for their own power, through special rates or by building it themselves. That raises the cost of each gigawatt and favors the buyers with the deepest pockets.
Rules and money that change the picture
What are regulators and governments doing about it?
What the record shows
- September 29, 2026: FERC accepted PJM's emergency backstop plan to buy power for the 6.8 GW shortfall but suspended it until February 28, 2027. FERC (hosted by PJM), 2026-09-29
- September 8, 2026: the Energy Department closed a loan of up to $1.9 billion to restart the 615 MW Duane Arnold nuclear plant, whose output goes to Google. U.S. Department of Energy, 2026-09-08
- June 2026: FERC let 760 MW of grid-connection rights move from Eddystone to the Crane restart, easing a grid-connection obstacle; PJM had said full transmission upgrades could take until after 2030. World Nuclear News, 2026-06-08
- October 9, 2026: FERC approved PJM's definition of large users and a registry of them, but rejected the rest of its plan, including curtailing new large users first when supply runs short. FERC (hosted by PJM), 2026-10-09
- October 12, 2026: the Energy Department issued an emergency order letting PJM run specified plants and customers' backup generators from October 13 to 16, during heavy autumn maintenance; the order has expired. U.S. Department of Energy, 2026-10-12
- October 27, 2026: Constellation received a conditional federal loan commitment of up to $5 billion for reactor upgrades at eight plants, subject to due diligence and final documents. Constellation Energy, 2026-10-27
- October 28, 2026: California's grid operator's board approved a proposal to let large users connect sooner if they accept enforceable limits during grid stress; it goes to FERC for approval. American Public Power Association, 2026-10-28
Our read
The regions are taking different paths. California is moving toward letting large users connect early if they accept limits; FERC sent PJM back to the drawing board on curtailment. Federal loans are backing restarts and upgrades. Flexible connections could loosen the constraint for buyers able to accept them; none of this changes the timeline for turbines, transformers or new reactors.
What a gigawatt costs
How do gigawatts turn into dollars?
What the record shows
- All-in estimates for one gigawatt of AI computing: about $35 billion (Bernstein, November 2025), $38 billion (Epoch AI), up to $47 billion (Foxconn, next Nvidia generation) and $50 to $60 billion today (Nvidia's Jensen Huang, June 2026), who said it would soon reach $80 to $100 billion. Investing.com, 2025-11-01 Epoch AI, 2026-05-14 Let's Data Science (summarising Wccftech), 2026-06-20 El Financiero, 2026-06-01
- At peak, a campus needs more power than its computing load, mostly for cooling: Epoch assumes 1.4 times, and the Port Washington design works out to about 1.44 (1.3 GW of power for 0.902 GW of computing). Epoch AI, 2025-12-18 TechRadar, 2026-10-04 Epoch AI, 2026-07-24
Our read
Gigawatts are dollars in disguise. As an illustration, 30 GW at these estimates is worth roughly $1 trillion to $1.8 trillion of infrastructure at today's costs, and up to about $3 trillion at Nvidia's coming prices. Much of it is paid for by cloud companies and developers, with OpenAI paying for access over time, which is why its commitments on our money page are of the same order.
When power slips, revenue slips with it, but not every cost does. Construction payments, equipment deposits and interest keep running, so delay squeezes the weakest balance sheets first.
Uses: the sites
Every named AI site with a sourced power figure, by status. Download as power.csv.
| Site and buyer | Planned | Status | Where its power comes from, and source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stargate AbileneOpenAI with Crusoe, Abilene, Texas | 1.2 GWfacility (running figure is IT load) | Being built all 8 buildings about Nov 2026 | Grid plus an on-site gas plant. Oracle confirmed about 0.62 GW of IT load running in September; Epoch estimates all eight buildings, about 0.82 GW, by November. Oracle and OpenAI dropped a planned expansion toward 2.1 GW in March 2026. Epoch AI, 2026-10-28 |
| Crusoe Abilene expansionMicrosoft with Crusoe, Abilene, Texas | 0.9 GWbasis unknown (two buildings of 336 MW computing load each) | Being built first building mid-2027 | A 900 MW on-site power plant plus batteries. The capacity OpenAI and Oracle gave up next door went to Microsoft. Crusoe, 2026-03-27 Tom's Hardware, 2026-03 |
| Stargate Shackelford CountyOpenAI with Oracle, Shackelford County, Texas | 1.4 GWIT load (about 2 GW at the meter) | Being built first building about Aug 2027, full late 2028 | On-site gas. Five of ten building shells done in September 2026; first building now expected about a year later than first planned. Epoch AI, 2026-07-31 |
| Stargate New Mexico (Project Jupiter)OpenAI with Oracle, Doña Ana County, New Mexico | 1.8 GWIT load | Being built planned late 2028; at risk | Off-grid: up to 2.45 GW of Bloom fuel cells, which replaced planned gas turbines in April 2026, plus solar. Oracle filed a force majeure notice in September 2026 over securing power; the gas pipeline is delayed. Epoch AI, 2026-07-31 |
| Stargate Milam CountyOpenAI, Milam County, Texas | 0.86 GWIT load | Being built late 2028 | SB Energy: mostly new solar and batteries plus grid. Epoch AI, 2026-05-22 |
| Stargate Port Washington (Project Lighthouse)OpenAI with Oracle, Port Washington, Wisconsin | 0.9 GWIT load (1.3 GW at the meter) | Being built delay scenario: partial power about June 2028, full about April 2029 | Grid, about 70% from solar, wind and batteries. A restarted review of the transmission line feeding it would push power to those dates. Epoch AI, 2026-07-24 |
| Stargate Saline TownshipOpenAI with Oracle, Saline Township, Michigan | 1.4 GWfacility | Being built 2028 | DTE 1.4 GW supply contract plus a 1.4 GW utility battery. Some local and environmental permits still pending. Epoch AI, 2026-04-17 |
| Stargate LordstownOpenAI, Lordstown, Ohio | up to 0.3 GWfacility, up to | Announced no date | Not stated. No visible construction. Epoch AI, 2026-04-17 |
| Stargate UAEOpenAI, Abu Dhabi, UAE | 1 GWbasis unknown | Being built first 200 MW due 2026, not confirmed running | Not stated. A 1 GW cluster inside a 5 GW campus. Gulf News, 2025-10-16 |
| Nscale Narvik (formerly Stargate Norway)Microsoft, Narvik, Norway | 0.23 GWbasis unknown | Being built initial 230 MW; about 290 MW more under discussion | Hydropower. Microsoft took the capacity OpenAI was to anchor (30,000 chips through Nscale), per Aker. The 230 MW initial size is from press reports. Aker ASA (via Borskollen), 2026-05-08 |
| Project Rainier, New CarlisleAnthropic with Amazon (AWS), New Carlisle, Indiana | 1.9 GWIT load | Being built full about early 2028 | Not stated. The largest AI site running today. Amazon owns the chips; Anthropic uses them. Sources do not say whether it counts toward Amazon's up-to-5 GW deal with Anthropic. Epoch AI, 2026-10-19 |
| Colossus 1Anthropic with SpaceXAI (xAI), Memphis, Tennessee | 0.34 GWIT load | Grid plus gas turbines. Built by xAI; Anthropic now rents its computing. Epoch AI, 2026-06-16 | |
| Colossus 2SpaceXAI (xAI), Memphis, Tennessee and Southaven, Mississippi | 1.5 GWIT load | Being built full about early 2027 | On-site gas: 69 temporary turbines being replaced by a permanent 1.2 GW plant by July 2027, plus batteries. Also used by Anthropic and Cursor. Epoch AI, 2026-07-30 |
| Nscale Monarch (Anthropic's share)Anthropic, West Virginia | 0.46 GWbasis unknown | Announced 2027 | About 2 GW of on-site gas engines planned. About 460 MW for Anthropic, about $45B over six years (Bloomberg); first phase late 2027. The campus targets 2 GW initially; Microsoft's non-binding 1.35 GW letter was reportedly dropped. The Energy Mag (citing Bloomberg), 2026-08-26 Aker ASA (via Borskollen), 2026-05-08 Power Engineering, 2026-04-16 |
| Hut 8 Beacon PointNvidia, Texas | 0.7 GWbasis unknown | Announced 2027 | Not stated. Two 352 MW leases to one tenant, reported by the WSJ and FT to be Nvidia; Lambda reportedly installs the chips and sells about 350 MW to Anthropic. The Energy Mag, 2026-09-01 |
| Meta HyperionMeta, Richland Parish, Louisiana | 5 GWbasis unknown | Being built 2 GW by 2030; 5 GW about 2032 | Entergy gas plants: 2.25 GW approved, about 5.25 GW more awaiting state approval; plus solar. Nothing running yet. Meta moved 80% of the campus to a Blue Owl vehicle. Global Data Center Hub, 2026-07-20 |
| Meta PrometheusMeta, New Albany, Ohio | 1 GWIT load | Being built about 1 GW by mid-2028 | Grid plus off-grid gas (Williams 'Socrates' plants). Includes tent-style buildings. Epoch AI, 2026-10-02 |
| Meta El PasoMeta, El Paso, Texas | 1 GWbasis unknown | Being built from 2028 | 366 MW of modular gas generators awaiting a state vote. BlackRock funds own 80%. W.Media, 2026-07-28 |
| Microsoft Fairwater AtlantaMicrosoft, Atlanta, Georgia | 0.64 GWIT load | Grid. Epoch AI, 2026-07-17 | |
| Microsoft Fairwater WisconsinMicrosoft, Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin | 2.3 GWIT load | Being built about 2.3 GW by May 2028 | Grid. Epoch AI, 2026-07-25 |
| Hut 8 River BendAnthropic with Fluidstack, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana | 0.24 GWIT load | Announced | Not stated. 15-year lease with Fluidstack; Anthropic is the reported end user. The Energy Mag, 2026-09-01 |
| PORTS-Pike campusOpenAI with SB Energy, Piketon, Ohio | 4.2 GWIT load (3.75 GW more optional) | Announced in phases from 2028 | At least 10 GW of new generation built by SB Energy. OpenAI is the tenant on a 20-year lease; Nvidia invests $1.5B and guarantees the campus hosts only Nvidia chips. NVIDIA (investor relations), 2026-08-17 |
| Microsoft PecosMicrosoft, Pecos, Texas | 2 GWbasis unknown | Announced first power 2028 | Chevron plant next door, up to 2.67 GW (listed under sources). DatacenterDynamics, 2026-06-22 |
| Google Cheyenne (Project Tembo, formerly Project Jade)Google (Alphabet), Cheyenne, Wyoming | not disclosedcomputing load not disclosed; Google redesigned the campus with four buildings instead of Crusoe's five | Being built power from late 2027, full in 2030 | Black Hills: 2.7 GW resource portfolio including reserves, plus Tallgrass power and fuel cells (listed under sources). Crusoe left the project in June 2026; Google's subsidiary Jupiter Star Holdings took over construction. Cowboy State Daily, 2026-07-08 Bloomberg Tax (Bloomberg News), 2026-06-09 Black Hills Corp. (via Finviz/Business Wire), 2026-10-06 |
| Google Pryor (North)Google (Alphabet), Pryor, Oklahoma | 0.37 GWIT load | Not stated. Epoch AI, 2026-11-01 | |
| Google ColumbusGoogle (Alphabet), Columbus, Ohio | 0.39 GWIT load | Being built about 0.39 GW by the third quarter of 2027 | Not stated. Epoch AI, 2026-11-01 |
| Google New AlbanyGoogle (Alphabet), New Albany, Ohio | 0.33 GWIT load | Not stated. Epoch AI, 2026-11-01 | |
| Amazon GW RanchAmazon (AWS), Pecos County, Texas | not disclosedcomputing load not disclosed | Announced | Planned on-site gas: a 5 GW permit; the developer describes up to 7.65 GW of gas plus batteries and solar. 8,000-acre site bought by Amazon. Data Center Knowledge, 2026-08-17 |
| Homer City campusAmazon (AWS), Homer City, Pennsylvania | not disclosedcomputing load not disclosed | Announced | The Homer City gas plant (listed under sources). Amazon is named as the expected user in a county filing; no signed tenant announced, and the county tabled the building plan. Baxtel, 2026-10-07 |
Cancelled or dropped
| Site and buyer | Planned | Status | Where its power comes from, and source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stargate Abilene expansionOpenAI with Oracle, Abilene, Texas | 0.6 GWbasis unknown | Cancelled dropped March 2026 | The capacity went to Microsoft through Crusoe. Tom's Hardware, 2026-03 |
Chip and cloud deals sized in gigawatts
Suppliers now sell computing by the gigawatt. These deals describe how much power the chips will draw, not where they will run, so they overlap with the sites above and are never added to them.
| Buyer and seller | Size | Status | What, and source |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenAIfrom Oracle | 4.5 GW | Announced 2026 | Cloud capacity across Stargate sites; overlaps the sites above. DatacenterDynamics, 2025-07 |
| OpenAIfrom Nvidia | up to 10 GW | Option or up to 2026 | Letter of intent only. Reports in February 2026 said Nvidia's roughly $30B investment in OpenAI replaced it; others say the two are separate. Not counted in our totals. DatacenterDynamics, 2026-02 |
| OpenAIfrom AMD | 1 GW | Announced 2026 | Binding commitment to buy the first 1 GW, deploying from the second half of 2026. AMD (SEC filing), 2025-10-06 |
| OpenAIfrom AMD | up to 5 GW | Option or up to | Further purchases up to 6 GW in all, tied to AMD share warrants; not committed. AMD (SEC filing), 2025-10-06 |
| OpenAIfrom Broadcom | up to 10 GW | Announced 2026 | OpenAI-designed chips, racks deployed from late 2026 to the end of 2029; signed as a term sheet. OpenAI, 2025-10-13 |
| OpenAIfrom Amazon (AWS) | 2 GW | Announced | Trainium capacity. The Decoder, 2026-04-30 |
| OpenAIfrom Cerebras | 0.75 GW | Announced 2026 | Through 2028. The Energy Mag, 2026 |
| Anthropicfrom Amazon (AWS) | up to 5 GW | Announced 2026 | Up to 5 GW of Trainium; about 1 GW by end-2026. Anthropic, 2026-04-20 |
| Anthropicfrom Google (Alphabet) | up to 5 GW | Announced 2027 | 3.5 GW of Google TPUs through Broadcom from 2027 is reported; one person said it could reach close to 5 GW. Yahoo Finance (Bloomberg), 2026-04-07 |
| Anthropicfrom Google (Alphabet) | 1 GW | Being built 2026 | The first Google TPU deal (October 2025), coming online in 2026. TechRepublic, 2025-11-13 |
| Anthropicfrom Microsoft | up to 1 GW | Announced | About 1 GW on Nvidia systems in Azure. Dealroom (summarising The Information), 2026-09-06 |
| Anthropicfrom AMD | up to 2 GW | Announced 2027 | Up to 2 GW; the first 1 GW deploys from the first half of 2027. AMD will invest up to $5B in Anthropic. AMD, 2026-07-22 |
Sources: where the power comes from
Power deals tied to named AI buyers or sites.
| Project and type | Power | Status | Detail and source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Permanent gas plant beside Colossus 2, Southaven, MississippiGas plant built for the campus, for SpaceXAI (xAI) | 1.2 GW | Being built | 41 turbines, permitted March 2026, being built. Replaces the 69 temporary turbines, which must go by July 2027. Gizmodo, 2026-08-01 |
| Three Entergy gas plants for Meta's HyperionGas plant built for the campus, for Meta | 2.2 GW | Being built 2029 | Approved by Louisiana regulators in August 2025; due mid to late 2029. Industrial Info Resources, 2025-08 |
| Seven more Entergy gas plants for HyperionGas plant built for the campus, for Meta | 5.2 GW | Announced | Plan tripled in March 2026 to ten plants and 7.5 GW, with Meta paying about $11B; these seven still need state approval. 5.25 GW is our subtraction. The Lens, 2026-04-03 |
| Renewable power tied to HyperionSolar and batteries, for Meta | 2.5 GW | Announced | About 2.5 GW reported alongside the gas deal; mix not given. Overlaps 1.5 GW of solar approved in 2025. The Lens, 2026-04-03 |
| VoltaGrid gas engines for Oracle in TexasGas turbines on site, for Oracle | 2.3 GW | Announced | 2.3 GW of modular gas engines; sites and dates not disclosed. May overlap Stargate Shackelford's on-site gas. POWER Magazine, 2025-10-15 |
| On-site gas for Stargate Shackelford CountyGas turbines on site, for OpenAI | 2 GW | Being built 2028 | About 2 GW at the meter for a 1.4 GW computing load; supplier not confirmed. Epoch AI, 2026-04-17 |
| Chevron gas plant for Microsoft's Pecos campus, TexasGas plant built for the campus, for Microsoft | 2.7 GW | Announced 2028 | Up to 2.67 GW in phases on a 20-year contract for Microsoft's 2 GW campus next door; first power targeted 2028; Chevron's final investment decision expected later in 2026. World Oil, 2026-06-22 DatacenterDynamics, 2026-06-22 |
| Engine No. 1 and Chevron gas for CrusoeGas plant built for the campus, for Crusoe | up to 4.5 GW | Option or up to | A 2025 framework for up to 4.5 GW using GE Vernova turbines; sites never published. Data Center Frontier, 2025-03-24 |
| Homer City gas plant, PennsylvaniaGas plant built for the campus, for Amazon (AWS) | 4.4 GW | Being built 2027 | About 4.4 GW on a former coal site. Vertical construction began April 2026; the first two heat-recovery steam generators are installed and the first gas turbine is set on its foundation (October 2026). Sources differ on first power: 2027 (Baxtel) or the first 1.2 GW in 2029 under GE Vernova's slot reservation (Turbomachinery Magazine). Amazon is named as the expected user in a county filing, but no tenant has signed. Homer City Redevelopment, 2026-10-20 Baxtel, 2026-10-07 Turbomachinery Magazine, 2025 |
| Gas generators for Meta El PasoGas plant built for the campus, for Meta | 0.37 GW | Announced | 813 small gas generators dedicated to the campus for five years, then to the grid; awaiting a state vote. Inside Climate News, 2026-09-24 |
| Fermi America 'Matador' private grid, TexasMixed gas, solar and nuclear, for TensorWave and others | up to 11 GW | Option or up to 2027 | Planned about 11 GW of gas, solar and nuclear combined; first tenant signed August 2026; first leased turbines arrive 2027. Fermi Inc. / SEC EDGAR, 2026-08 |
| Gas engines for Nscale Monarch, West VirginiaGas turbines on site, for Nscale | up to 2 GW | Option or up to | About 2 GW of Caterpillar gas engines planned for the site. Power Engineering, 2026-04-16 |
| Wärtsilä gas engines for an unnamed cloud company, OhioGas turbines on site, for Unnamed cloud company | 0.41 GW | Announced 2028 | 40 engines, 412 MW, running from early 2028. Power Engineering, 2026-04-16 |
| ProEnergy gas turbines for CrusoeGas turbines on site, for Crusoe | 0.65 GW | Announced | Thirteen 50 MW units; site not named. Power Engineering, 2026-04-16 |
| NextEra gas for data centersGas plant built for the campus, for Unnamed cloud companies | up to 4 GW | Option or up to 2032 | 4 GW of GE Vernova turbine slots secured; targets 4 to 8 GW of new gas through 2032; buyers not named. Power Engineering, 2025-12-11 |
| NextEra and Exxon site on the Gulf CoastGas plant built for the campus, for No buyer signed | up to 1.2 GW | Option or up to | A 1.2 GW site marketed to data centers; no customer announced. Power Engineering, 2025-12-11 |
| Susquehanna nuclear plant for Amazon, PennsylvaniaExisting nuclear plant, for Amazon (AWS) | up to 1.9 GW | 2025 | Up to 1.92 GW. The plant runs today; delivery to Amazon ramps to the full amount by 2032, contract through 2042. Power Technology, 2025-06-12 |
| Clinton nuclear plant for Meta, IllinoisExisting nuclear plant, for Meta | 1.1 GW | Announced 2027 | 1.12 GW for 20 years from June 2027; keeps an existing plant running, plus a 30 MW upgrade. Constellation Energy, 2025-06-03 |
| Crane (Three Mile Island) restart for MicrosoftNuclear restart, for Microsoft | 0.83 GW | Being built 2027 | 835 MW, target 2027. FERC let 760 MW of grid-connection rights move from Eddystone to Crane in June 2026, easing a risk that full grid upgrades could take until after 2030. World Nuclear News, 2026-06-08 |
| Comanche Peak nuclear plant for Amazon, TexasExisting nuclear plant, for Amazon (AWS) | 1.2 GW | Announced 2027 | 1.2 GW for 20 years; deliveries start about late 2027, full by 2032. World Nuclear News, 2026-02-27 |
| Perry and Davis-Besse nuclear plants for Meta, OhioExisting nuclear plant, for Meta | 2.2 GW | Announced 2026 | 2.18 GW of existing output; Perry from December 2026, Davis-Besse from December 2027. World Nuclear News, 2026-02-27 |
| Upgrades at Vistra nuclear plants for MetaNuclear uprate, for Meta | 0.43 GW | Announced 2031 | 433 MW of new capacity, one upgrade a year from 2031 to 2034. American Nuclear Society (Nuclear Newswire), 2026-01-12 |
| Duane Arnold nuclear restart for Google, IowaNuclear restart, for Google (Alphabet) | 0.61 GW | Announced 2029 | About 615 MW on a 25-year contract; return expected early 2029, pending approvals. Latitude Media, 2025-12-08 |
| Kairos small reactors for GoogleNew reactors, for Google (Alphabet) | 0.5 GW | Announced 2035 | 500 MW of new reactors by 2035; the first 50 MW unit is due in 2030. T&D World, 2025-08-20 |
| X-energy small reactors for AmazonNew reactors, for Amazon (AWS) | up to 5 GW | Option or up to 2039 | Options for up to 5 GW by 2039, not firm orders; the first project is 320 MW in Washington State, early 2030s. X-Energy / SEC EDGAR, 2026-04-23 |
| TerraPower Natrium reactors for MetaNew reactors, for Meta | up to 2.8 GW | Option or up to 2035 | Up to eight units and 2.8 GW; Meta funds two, the rest are rights; first delivery year not set. American Nuclear Society (Nuclear Newswire), 2026-01-12 |
| Oklo reactors for Meta, OhioNew reactors, for Meta | up to 1.2 GW | Option or up to 2030 | Up to 1.2 GW, first power as early as 2030; no construction approval yet. American Nuclear Society (Nuclear Newswire), 2026-01-12 |
| ENTRA1 and NuScale reactors for TVANew reactors, for TVA, no named data-center buyer | up to 6 GW | Option or up to 2030 | Up to 6 GW on a term sheet only; no named data-center buyer; 2030 start is aspirational. Zacks, 2025-11-26 |
| Intersect wind, solar and batteries for a Google campus, TexasSolar and batteries, for Google (Alphabet) | 1 GW | Being built | More than 1 GW built next to the data center, with some gas for backup; construction began June 2026. POWER Magazine, 2026-06 |
| NextEra solar and batteries for MetaSolar and batteries, for Meta | 2.5 GW | Being built 2028 | About 2.5 GW across 11 contracts and two battery deals, entering service 2026 to 2028, over the grid. Latitude Media, 2025-12-08 |
| SB Energy power for Stargate Milam CountySolar and batteries, for OpenAI | 1.2 GW | Being built 2028 | Mostly new solar and batteries for a 1.2 GW site; due late 2028. Epoch AI, 2026-04-17 |
| Grid supply for Stargate Port WashingtonGrid supply, for OpenAI | 1.3 GW | Being built 2028 | 1.3 GW from the grid, about 70% from solar, wind and batteries; full power now about April 2029. Epoch AI, 2026-04-17 |
| DTE supply for Stargate Saline TownshipGrid supply, for OpenAI | 1.4 GW | Announced 2028 | A 19-year 1.4 GW contract plus a 1.4 GW utility battery, conditionally approved December 2025. Latitude Media, 2026-01-07 |
| Fervo geothermal for Google, UtahGeothermal, for Google (Alphabet) | 0.4 GW | Being built 2026 | 396 MW contract; about 100 MW by early 2027. ESG Today, 2026-09-01 |
| Bloom fuel cells for Oracle, including Stargate New MexicoFuel cells, for Oracle | up to 2.8 GW | Option or up to | Up to 2.8 GW, about 1.2 GW firm. Includes up to 2.45 GW at Project Jupiter in New Mexico, which replaced planned gas turbines and diesel generators. Oracle, 2026-04-27 EnkiAI, 2026 |
| Bloom fuel cells for AEP's data-center customersFuel cells, for Unnamed AEP data-center customers | up to 1 GW | Announced | Up to 1 GW, about $2.65B; customers not named. Single secondary source. EnkiAI, 2026 |
| Calvert Cliffs upgrades for Amazon, MarylandNuclear uprate, for Amazon (AWS) | 0.19 GW | Announced 2030-2032 | About 190 MW of new capacity within a 690 MW, 20-year contract. Constellation Energy, 2026-09-30 |
| Calvert Cliffs existing output for Amazon, MarylandExisting nuclear plant, for Amazon (AWS) | 0.5 GW | Announced | The rest of the 690 MW contract; supports relicensing the plant for 20 more years. Constellation Energy, 2026-09-30 |
| Williams 'Socrates' gas plant phase one for Meta, OhioGas turbines on site, for Meta | 0.2 GW | 2026 | First phase complete (August 2026); output dedicated to Meta's campus and not connected to the grid. Williams (investor release), 2026-08-03 Williams, 2026 Power Engineering, 2025-06 |
| Williams 'Socrates' gas plant phase two for Meta, OhioGas turbines on site, for Meta | 0.2 GW | Being built late 2026 | Second phase targeted for the fourth quarter. Williams (investor release), 2026-08-03 Williams, 2026 Power Engineering, 2025-06 |
| Constellation reactor upgrades for GoogleNuclear uprate, for Google (Alphabet) | 0.89 GW | Announced first by 2028, all by 2032 | Upgrades at 11 reactors in Illinois, Pennsylvania and New Jersey on a 20-year contract. POWER Magazine, 2026-10-06 |
| Constellation existing nuclear output for GoogleExisting nuclear plant, for Google (Alphabet) | 2.7 GW | Announced | 15-year contract for output from plants already running; no new capacity. POWER Magazine, 2026-10-06 |
| Black Hills supply for Google Cheyenne, WyomingUtility supply portfolio, for Google (Alphabet) | 2.7 GW | Announced late 2027, full in 2030 | 2.7 GW portfolio including reserves: up to 590 MW from the grid and about 2.1 GW from third-party resources through a private microgrid. Black Hills is also building 564 MW of new gas plants, which appear to sit within its share. Black Hills Corp. (via Finviz/Business Wire), 2026-10-06 |
| On-site plant for Crusoe's Microsoft campus, AbileneOn-site plant, fuel not stated, for Microsoft | 0.9 GW | Being built mid-2027 | 900 MW plant beside the campus plus batteries; fuel not stated in the release. Crusoe, 2026-03-27 |
The limits on new power
How fast the equipment and the grid can grow.
| What | Figure | Detail and source |
|---|---|---|
| Gas turbine output, GE Vernova and Siemens Energy (global) | about 20 GW and 15 to 16 GW a year | GE Vernova's 2026 target rate, rising to 24 GW by 2028; Siemens Energy's delivery forecast, including medium-sized units. Power Engineering, 2026-04-23 Utility Dive, 2026-08-10 |
| GE Vernova turbines under contract or reserved | about 122 GW | Data centers are about 20% of its gas turbine demand. Utility Dive, 2026-10-29 |
| GE Vernova open turbine slots left for 2029 to 2030 | about 10 GW | As of April 2026. Power Engineering, 2026-04-23 |
| Crusoe's GE aeroderivative turbines | 29 units, nearly 1 GW | Ordered in December 2024 and June 2025 for AI data centers. GE Vernova, 2025-07-22 |
| Siemens Energy gas turbine backlog | about 69 GW | Lead times of three years or more. Utility Dive, 2026-08-10 |
| Mitsubishi large gas turbine backlog | about 35 GW | New orders deliver 2028 to 2030. Utility Dive, 2026-08-13 |
| Lead time for a large power transformer | up to about 4 years | pv magazine USA, 2026-05-11 |
| New power planned for the US grid in 2026 | 86 GW | Developers' plans as of February: solar 43 GW, batteries 24 GW, wind 12 GW, gas 6.3 GW. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2026-02-20 |
| US nuclear upgrades and restarts targeted by 2029 | 5 GW | Government target. POWER Magazine, 2026-03-12 |
| Shortfall against the reliability target in PJM's 2028 to 2029 capacity auction | 6.8 GW | Cleared at the price cap; about 0.5 GW of new generation and upgrades cleared. PJM Inside Lines, 2026-07-14 |
| Reported average time to get power in the US | about 4 years | About 7 years for 100 MW in Northern Virginia; varies by place and project. Electrical Contractor (EC&M) Magazine, 2026-08-17 |
How these numbers work
Gigawatts
A gigawatt (GW) is a billion watts of power, roughly what 750,000 US homes draw. Where a source says whether it counts the computing load or the total power drawn from the grid, the row says which; the grid figure is typically about 1.4 times the computing load.
Sites and deals
A site is a physical campus with a power figure. A chip or cloud deal sized in gigawatts describes how much power the chips will draw, not where they run, so deals are listed apart and never added to sites. Up-to amounts are shown at their maximum and marked.
Running and planned
Running figures are mostly Epoch AI's estimates of installed computing capacity from satellite images and company statements, not measured power use. Planned figures are the size the owner has stated; where only the power supply is known, the computing load is shown as not disclosed. The site list is a selection of large AI campuses, not a census. Statuses: running, being built, announced, option or up to, paused, and cancelled.